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Private equity investors are using current financial market constraints on liquidity to negotiate favorable deals, as private equity general partners have watched the values of their portfolios fall profoundly. Efforts to attract additional investment haven't been easy, as potential limited partners are reluctant to make long commitments in an uncertain marketplace. This has given limited partners a stronger position from which to negotiate both fees and terms and conditions.

Limited partners are getting a leg up on the private equity funds in which they invest, signaling a change from the historical trend in which funds could push for aggressive compensation based on the returns they provide. In a poll conducted by Preqin, 43% of investors noted a power shift from fund to limited partner, with only 2% seeing a shift toward the general partner.

On Thursday, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC) is expected to propose new guidelines for private-equity investors seeking to buy failed banks. Those guidelines are intended to ensure that these largely unregulated firms don't take too many risks with troubled banks or buy and flip them.

The new rules come as private-equity firms have grown increasingly active in the banking sector. FDIC Chairman Sheila Bair said she's comfortable with the private-equity deals the agency has struck for failed banks such as IndyMac and BankUnited, but that a more structured process needs to be put in place.

From 2004 to 2007, the titans of private equity tapped yield-hungry investors to raise massive amounts of buyout capital. Eager to deploy this easy money, they spent billions taking huge companies private, shattering records for mega-deals only to see them surpassed a few weeks later. The list of companies taken private includes many famous names: Toys 'R' Us, Hertz, Harrah's Entertainment, Tribune Co., and TXU, the Texas utility that set a record for buyouts in a deal worth over $44 billion.

Now many of those companies are staggering under the sheer weight of their debt. Bond investors, who once eagerly poured their money into the high-yield debt that made leveraged buyouts possible, have seen their holdings decimated. With the bonds that helped pay for some of the biggest private equity deals trading at less than 50 cents on the dollar, some worry whether the companies can stay afloat.

For details on eight big buyout targets that are now teetering on the brink, click through the following gallery.

The complicated legal fight over the implosion of the private equity buyout of Huntsman (NYSE: HUN) has been settled. The firm was able to get $632 million in cash and $1.1 billion in financing from Credit Suisse (NYSE: CS) and Deutsche Bank (NYSE: DB).

Basically, Huntsman claimed that these financial firms failed to uphold their responsibilities in backing the takeover from Hexion Specialty Chemicals, which was struck in July 2007 at $28 per share. Now, Huntsman is trading at $5.92, primarily because of the plunge in the global chemicals sector.

Many of the bit players are being flushed out of private equity by the tight credit market, and Fidelity Investments, which will close its private equity division next month, is no exception. While buyouts have never been a significant part of the company's business, the firm was managing $500 million as part of an operation that was founded two years ago -- at or near the height of the private equity boom.

Fidelity's private equity arm has investments in four companies, but spokeswoman Ann Crowley told The Wall Street Journal (subscription required) that "Basically debt financing is largely unavailable because of the economic conditions of the last several months."

The FDIC found buyers for Atlanta's failed bankers' bank, Silverton, but none of Silverton's suitors wanted to pay enough for it. After analyzing the offers, the FDIC decided it would be less costly to shut the bank down than to accept the bids received.

Bidders included the Carlyle Group with a consortium of private equity investors, including Lightyear Capital, Harvest Partners, and Colony Capital. "We have to do what is least costly to our insurance fund and to shut it down for good was less costly than the bids we received," a spokesman for the FDIC told the Financial Times.

Despite tumultuous global financial market conditions, private equity investments in the clean technology ("cleantech") space showed resilience last year. Investors are reconsidering their overall exposures to private equity -- and this includes cleantech -- but they are still operating in the space and remain open to the right opportunities, according to a new report by Private Equity Intelligence, Ltd. (Preqin).

Since 2003, the story in the cleantech sector of the private equity space has been one of aggressive growth. From only seven funds involved in cleantech investments in 2003, the number swelled to 30 in 2004 and nearly quadrupled to 117 by 2008. The number of strictly cleantech funds grew aggressively, as well, from nine in 2004 to 41 in 2007. The pure-plays fell slightly to 39 last year, suggesting that the market was holding steady.

Senator Jack Reed, a Rhode Island Democrat and chairman of a Senate subcommittee charged with overseeing Wall Street, wants the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC) and other financial regulators to come up with rules for private equity firms that want to buy banks.

Reed's interest in the matter may give the FDIC an incentive to quickly fulfill a promise it made to provide "policy guidance" for such deals after seizing Florida-based BankUnited and selling it to a group of private equity funds last week in the biggest bank failure this year.

In what could be the most watched private equity deal of the year, a consortium of buyout firms led by billionaire investor Wilbur L. Ross has set its sights on BankUnited Financial Corp. (NASDAQ: BKUNA), says the Wall Street Journal (subscription required). The consortium includes Carlyle Group and Blackstone Group (NYSE: BX).

Earlier this year, federal regulators declared that the Florida-based lender was "critically undercapitalized" and demanded that it find a buyer or raise new capital. While regulators have traditionally favored other lenders in sales of banks, if Ross's group is successful, it would not only be one of the largest acquisitions in the financial-services sector made by private equity, but could also signal a shift in the government's attitude toward private-equity buyers of banks.

The operator of the Tropicana Casino and Resort, which was featured in the films Viva Las Vegas and Diamonds Are Forever, filed for bankruptcy protection in May 2008. But Canadian private equity firm Onex Corp. (TSE: OCX) has now succeeded in taking over the Las Vegas icon.

Onex's main buyout fund has cobbled together a stake in the casino's senior debt that will make it the largest shareholder when a restructured Tropicana emerges from bankruptcy protection.

Though Onex will gain control of a prime location in one of the hottest spots in the city and one of the busiest pedestrian intersections in the world, it comes at a time when the fortunes of sin city are suffering due to economic conditions.

While mega-deals made possible by cheap credit and lots of leverage may be a thing of the past, a biannual survey of M&A activity by the Association for Public Growth (ACG) and Thomson Reuters shows that dealmaking is expected to pick up, and even thrive in certain sectors, in the second half of 2009, according to BusinessWeek. An ACG spokesperson described dealmakers as "cautiously optimistic."

The recession has put company prices in the bargain basement -- buyout targets are suddenly affordable. Those buyers with cash in hand are expected to begin scooping up such bargains. Private equity firms are eyeing bankruptcy courts, on the lookout for distressed and busted companies, such as Polaroid and Stila Cosmetics that were snapped up recently.

In the middle of 2007, the private equity industry started to crumble as the credit crunch shocked the U.S. financial system. Since then, it's been particularly tough for deal makers.

Yet, according to a cover article in BusinessWeek, the good days may be here again. In fact, private equity may even help the economy out of its funk.

General Motors (NYSE: GM) has already said that it plans to discontinue its Pontiac brand and that it's looking for buyers for its underperforming Saturn and Hummer brands as it scrambles to meet its June 1 deadline to restructure, as mandated by the Obama administration.

Among the bidders for Saturn is an investor group made up of Saturn dealers and Oklahoma City private equity firm Black Oak Partners LLC. Last month, the group said it had approached GM about buying the assets of the Saturn brand and the distribution network. GM confirmed it has been in discussions with Black Oak, but said that other investment groups were also interested in taking over Saturn.

Not so long ago, the formula for activist investing was simple: Buy a 5% stake and file a 13-D, blasting the company's management for its poor performance and excess compensation. Raise hell until they put the company up for sale and a private equity firm takes advantage of the company's low stock price. Then cash out, having made yourself and your fellow shareholders rich. What if the company headed into the toilet after it was taken private? Not your problem.

Those days are long gone. With the private equity business the quietest it's been in a long time, there are no third parties ready to scoop up bargain-priced stocks after activist shareholders push them to the auction block. Increasingly, activist shareholders are having to stick around for the long-term, pushing for improved corporate governance and better management as a way to increase returns.